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During late Middle Ages the space corresponding to Papal State showed some features similar to those of Central-Northern Italy, sharing others with the Southern Kingdom. This interesting mix can be tested observing statutory law, that, regarding this period, has abundantly survived, although revealing remarkable regional differences. The interplay between cities and villages in this situation is complicated by Papal power, which participates in that relationship, affecting it with a varying intensity and continuity.In this book we try to specify the “three parts game” that happened during the legislative process, considering also other players action, such rural lords. The work includes four essays about the four lands forming the Papal State and other three about nearer lands, i.e. Florentine Tuscany, Siennese one and the Sicilian Kingdom (reserving a special attention at Abruzzo), and suggests useful comparisons, one of the project paramount aims. The scholars invited to join the enterprise, each specialist of a single land, during their research considered other’s results, notwithstanding the physical distance among each other. Thus, we try to offer a homogeneous picture, at least regarding powers interplay dynamics. Lo spazio territoriale dello Stato della Chiesa nel tardo Medio Evo mostra alcune caratteristiche proprie dell’Italia centro-settentrionale, ma al contempo se ne distingue per altre che lo avvicinano al Regno meridionale. Questa interessante miscela può essere verificata nella normativa statutaria, che si è conservata abbondante per il periodo, anche se con alcune notevoli differenze regionali. L’interazione fra i centri urbani e quelli rurali trova qui una complicazione nella presenza del potere pontificio, che si inserisce nel rapporto fra i due soggetti condizionandolo, anche se con differente intensità e continuità.In questo volume si cerca di dettagliare il “gioco a tre” che l’attività normativa delle campagne comportava, senza dimenticare la possibile presenza di altri attori, come i signori rurali. Dedicando quattro studi alle quattro realtà regionali comprese nello Stato della Chiesa e altri tre a realtà finitime, cioè la Toscana fiorentina, quella senese e il Regno di Sicilia (con un’attenzione particolare all’Abruzzo), il libro suggerisce proficui confronti, che sono stati comunque una delle idee portanti del progetto. I singoli studiosi che sono stati invitati a partecipare all’iniziativa, ognuno specialista di una specifica area, pur non lavorando in stretto contatto, hanno comunque tenuto presenti i risultati delle ricerche condotte dagli altri, in modo da fornire un quadro il più possibile omogeneo, almeno per quanto riguarda le dinamiche dell’interazione fra i tre poteri.

Stato della Chiesa --- Statuti --- Tardo Medioevo --- Toscana --- Abruzzo --- Città-campagna --- Papal State --- Statutes --- Late Middle Age --- Tuscany --- City-countryside

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This book follows a new path of describing the Alps from the years 500 to 800. Instead of running through this mountain range from east to west (or reverse) and writing one local history after the other, relevant patterns were captured: patterns of control, borders, communication routes, Christendom, settlement, economy, local methods to establish power and traces of local identity. Comparing theses structures on an interregional level made it possible to establish a new view on the early medieval alpine regions. By the year 500 the inhabitants of this central European mountain range were typically roman-provincial. Some regional differences existed, yet the main factors were quite similar: language, laws, religion (Christendom) and social structures. From the 6th c. on this changed. New political developments made a large part of the alpine provinces turn northwards to the Frankish realms. As a consequence borders were created within the Alps. Many hilltop settlements and strongholds in the valleys were built to guarantee the security both of population and borders. Militia was installed to control these boundaries; they were either recruited from the local population or got especially settled for these means. This change of view made some Roman topoi disappear: the Alps were no longer regarded as hostile and as the walls of Italy. The routes through the Alps changed. One reason for this was the growing number of pilgrims from the British Isles made the passage through Maurienne and over the Mont Cenis more important than the ancient route via Montgenèvre. The central Alps in Curia remained a highly important point to cross the mountains, whereas more eastwards the once important crossing points became mere backroads. Farther east the Avarian-Slavic conquest caused the sources to silence, nevertheless the communication routes remained visible through archaeological findings and place names. A big change for the alpine population was the transformations in settlement patterns, first of all the diminishing importance of Roman cities. Some of them disappeared completely, such as Teurnia, Aguntum and Octodurum. Nevertheless, the wider settlement areas around these former towns always remained important. New centres emerged. Some had roman roots, for example Iuvavum/Salzburg, others were new foundations, like the numerous cloisters from the 8th c. The church played a significant role in this transformation, as a bishop's see or the burial church of a saint constituted a point of attraction for the local population. The antique transalpine and alpine networks of trade underwent some transitions. Goods like olive oil, high quality pottery and sea salt were no longer brought over the Alps. The eastern alpine ore deposits were not exploited on a grand scale anymore. New natural resources became important, for example the salt deposits in the northern Alps. There are some traces of exported products. The vineyards of the Southern Alps produced vine for export to the north-alpine regions and the central alpine soapstone production supplied the population of the whole mountain range with high quality cookware. In addition to this, products like cheese, wool, honey and lumber might have been exported. Alpine agriculture did not change much. Farming was based on subsistence and the surplus was sold locally to travellers or given to the owners of the land. The use of alpine pastures roots in pre-roman times and was practised continually, although the intensity of the pastoralism is difficult to estimate. Local power structures emerged out of late antique roots. In the 8th and beginning of the 9th c. the population of these parts of the Alps still spoke a roman language, were Christian and lived in a very differentiated social structure whose legal habits were based on roman law. Contrary to that, the eastern Alps saw a major cultural shift that resulted in the Slavic reign of Carantania. Diese Arbeit wählte einen neuen Ansatz, um die Alpen in den Jahren 500 bis 800 zu beschreiben: Anstatt die einzelnen Regionen von Ost nach West - oder umgekehrt - durchzugehen und eine Herrschaftsgeschichte nach der anderen zu schreiben, wurden die relevanten Strukturen erfasst - also Zugriff, Grenzen, Verkehrsrouten, Christentum, Besiedlung, Wirtschaft, regionale Methoden der Machtentfaltung und Identitätsspuren der Bevölkerung. Diese Strukturen wurden miteinander verglichen. Dadurch war es möglich, einen neuen Zugang zu der Transformation der römischen Welt in eine frühmittelalterliche auf alpinem Gebiet zu erlangen. Um das Jahr 500 war die Bevölkerung der Alpen noch eine typisch provinzialrömische, die zwar regionale Unterschiede aufwies, sich aber in wesentlichen Punkten ähnelte: Sprache, Recht, Religion (Christentum) und Sozialstruktur. Ab dem 6. Jh. änderten sich diese Verhältnisse. Zunächst schufen die neuen politischen Bedingungen neue Zugehörigkeiten, die die Alpenprovinzen ab dem 6. Jh. an den Norden, an die Reiche fränkischer Herrschaft angliederten. Es entstanden zahlreiche Grenzpunkte Richtung Süden und später auch Osten, wo sich ab etwa 600 das awarisch-slawische Reich erstreckte. Zeuge der nun entstandenen Grenzen sind zahlreiche Höhenfestungen, eigens eingesetzte Grenztruppen und Talsperren zur Sicherung des Territoriums und der Bevölkerung. Der geänderte Blick brachte auch einige römische Alpen-Topoi zum Verschwinden, etwa den Topos der lebensfeindlichen Alpen oder von dem Gebirge als Mauern Italiens. Weitere Änderungen betrafen die Übergänge. Aus unterschiedlichsten Gründen entstanden neue Wege und alte verloren an Wichtigkeit. Ein Beispiel ist der Mont Cenis, der vor allem aufgrund der wachsenden Pilgerströme von den britischen Inseln den wichtigen römischen Alpenübergang Montgenèvre ersetzte. In den zentralen Alpen erfreute sich Churrätien, nicht zuletzt durch die stabilen politischen Verhältnisse, einer großen Beliebtheit, während Übergänge östlich davon lediglich als Nebenwege wahrgenommen wurden. Ein großer Bruch für die alpinen Menschen bedeuteten die spätantiken Veränderungen der Siedlungsstrukturen, die in allen Provinzen des ehemaligen römischen Reiches stattfanden und auch in den Alpen beobachtet werden können: die alten römischen Städte verloren ihre Substanz und verschwanden teilweise ganz, währenddessen neue Zentren erschaffen wurden, allen voran die Klöster. Einst weniger wichtige Siedlungen, wie das antike Iuvavum/Salzburg, gewannen massiv an Bedeutung, während andere römische Städte wie Teurnia, Aguntum aber auch Octodurum vergingen. Allerdings blieben die jeweiligen Siedlungskammern stets bedeutend - es ging nur die antike Stadtstruktur unter. Eine große Rolle in der Veränderung dieser Siedlungsmuster spielte die Kirche, da Bischofssitze und Kirchen von bedeutenderen Heiligen einen Anziehungspunkt für die lokale Bevölkerung darstellten. Die großen Umwälzungen der spätantiken Wirtschaft betrafen vor allem den transalpinen Handel, da viele Produkte, wie Olivenöl, hochwertige Keramik, Salz und Getreide kaum mehr über die Alpen gebracht wurden. Die lokale Landwirtschaft hingegen, die nur wenig Überschuss für Grundbesitzer und Reisende produzierte, änderte sich zunächst noch wenig. Die Bewirtschaftung mehrerer Höhenstufen bis hin zu den Almen oberhalb der Baumgrenze wurzelt in römischer und vorrömischer Zeit und blieb auch im frühen Mittelalter bestehen. Eine Spezialisierung betraf nur ganz wenige landwirtschaftliche Produkte, beispielsweise Wein und vielleicht Käse oder Wolle. Die lokalen Herrschaftsstrukturen konnten sich in den West- und Zentralalpen kontinuierlich aus ihren spätantiken Wurzeln weiterentwickeln. Im 8. und beginnenden 9. Jh. sprachen die Menschen aus diesem Teil der Alpen immer noch eine romanische Sprache, waren christlich und lebten in einer stark geschichteten Gesellschaftsstruktur, die sich laut Quellen nach spätantiken Rechtsgewohnheiten richtete. Im Gegensatz dazu erlebten

Natural history --- Landscapes --- Human settlements --- Regions & Countries - Europe --- History & Archaeology --- Switzerland --- History --- Alps --- History. --- Civilization. --- Habitat, Human --- Human habitat --- Settlements, Human --- Human ecology --- Human geography --- Population --- Sociology --- Land settlement --- Countryside --- Landscape --- Natural scenery --- Scenery --- Scenic landscapes --- Nature --- History, Natural --- Natural science --- Physiophilosophy --- Biology --- Science --- Alpe --- Alpen --- Alpes --- Alpi --- Transformation of the Roman World --- Early middle Ages --- Culture --- Economy --- Power Structures --- Frühmittelalter --- Slawen --- Spätantike --- Histoire

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Landscape of Desire powerfully documents and celebrates a place and the evolutions that occur when human beings are intimately connected to their surroundings. Greg Gordon accomplishes this with a tapestry of writing that interweaves land use history, natural history, experiential education, and personal reflection. He tracks the geomorphology of southern Utah as well as the creatures and plants his student group encounters, the history lessons (planned and unplanned), the trials and joys of gathering so many individuals into a cohesive will, and his own personal epiphan

Canyons. --- Canyons - Utah. --- Geology. --- Geology - Utah. --- Gordon, Greg - Travel - Utah. --- Gordon, Greg. --- Landscape - Utah. --- Landscape. --- Moab Region (Utah) - Description and travel. --- Natural history. --- Natural history - Utah. --- Utah - Description and travel. --- Landscapes --- Canyons --- Natural history --- Geology --- Regions & Countries - Americas --- History & Archaeology --- United States Local History --- Gordon, Greg, --- Travel --- Utah --- Moab Region (Utah) --- Description and travel. --- History, Natural --- Natural science --- Physiophilosophy --- Countryside --- Landscape --- Natural scenery --- Scenery --- Scenic landscapes --- Description and travel --- Biology --- Science --- Nature

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Trail of Story examines the meaning of landscape, drawn from Leslie Main Johnsons rich experience with diverse environments and peoples, including the Gitksan and Witsuwiten of northwestern British Columbia, the Kaska Dene of the southern Yukon, and the Gwichin of the Mackenzie Delta. With passion and conviction, Johnson maintains that our response to our environment shapes our culture, determines our lifestyle, defines our identity, and sets the tone for our relationships and economies. With photos, she documents the landscape and contrasts the ecological relationships with land of First Nations peoples to those of non-indigenous scientists. The result is an absorbing study of local knowledge of place and a broad exploration of the meaning of landscape.

Landscape ecology --- Traditional ecological knowledge --- Indians of North America --- Landscapes --- Names, Geographical --- Ethnobiology --- Geographic names --- Geographical names --- Place names --- Placenames --- Toponyms --- Names --- Geography --- Toponymy --- Countryside --- Landscape --- Natural scenery --- Scenery --- Scenic landscapes --- Nature --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Indigenous peoples --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Indigenous ecological knowledge --- Indigenous environmental knowledge --- T.E.K. (Traditional ecological knowledge) --- TEK (Traditional ecological knowledge) --- Traditional environmental knowledge --- Ethnoscience --- Experiential learning --- Biopiracy --- Ethnoecology --- Ecology --- Culture --- Ethnology --- First Nations --- culture --- British Columbia --- history

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[The cultural genome.Space and its ideograms of the mythical story]As a biological genome determines our biological appearance, so too the cultural genome determines our cultural expression. This is a set of findings about the functioning of the universe and rules derived from them. When people verbalize these findings in a narrative, a mythical story occurs. A mythical landscape is a form of the cultural landscape that people created in accordance with their mythical conceptions that they could master the forces of nature with its help. From individual structures of the text fragments of Slavic folk traditions, a composite story in many versions is made, which explains the mechanism of renewal and describes the cyclical changes of the nature. People were using this mythical story as a mental model, which was materialized in specific spaces as spatial ideograms, which are discussed in the next part of the book (‘The cultural genome. Space and its ideograms of the mythical story’). Tako kot biološki genom določa našo biološko pojavnost, kulturni genom določa našo kulturno pojavnost. To je skupek spoznanj o delovanju sveta in iz njih izpeljanih pravil. Ko ljudje ta spoznanja ubesedijo v pripoved, nastane mitična zgodba. Mitična pokrajina je tista oblika kulturne pokrajine, ki so jo ljudje oblikovali v skladu s svojimi mitičnimi predstavami, da bi z njeno pomočjo obvladali sile narave. Avtor iz posameznih struktur besedilnih odlomkov slovanskega folklornega izročila sestavi povezano pripoved v številnih različicah, ki pojasnjuje mehanizem prenavljanja in opisuje ciklične spremembe narave. To pripoved so ljudje uporabljali kot miselni model in ga v prostoru materializirali v prostorske ideograme. Te z nekaj primeri raziskuje naslednji del. Zaključek pridobljena spoznanja primerja z zgodnjesrednjeveškim Zbruškim idolom iz Ukrajine in ugotovi popolno strukturno ujemanje. Zbruški idol kaže prostorsko ureditev vesolja s tremi svetovi, mehanizme nadzora teh svetov in vrstenje naravnih in življenjskih sprememb.

Slavs --- Mythology, Slavic. --- Civilization, Slavic --- Slavic antiquities. --- Landscapes --- Landscape archaeology --- Cultural landscapes --- Orientation (Religion) --- Folklore. --- History. --- Symbolic aspects --- Cardinal points --- Christian art and symbolism --- Church architecture --- Cults --- Funeral rites and ceremonies --- Religion and geography --- Rites and ceremonies --- Sun worship --- Symbolism --- Worship --- Archaeology --- Countryside --- Landscape --- Natural scenery --- Scenery --- Scenic landscapes --- Nature --- Antiquities --- Slavic civilization --- Belarusian mythology --- Bulgarian mythology --- Czech mythology --- Mythology, Belarusian --- Mythology, Bulgarian --- Mythology, Czech --- Mythology, Polish --- Mythology, Russian --- Mythology, Slovak --- Mythology, Sorbian --- Mythology, Ukrainian --- Polish mythology --- Russian mythology --- Slavic mythology --- Slovak mythology --- Sorbian mythology --- Ukrainian mythology --- Cultural geography --- Civilization --- Slovenia --- Ancient religions & mythologies --- Historical & comparative linguistics --- archaelogy --- archaeological sites --- cultural landscape --- folk tradition --- folklore research --- mythology --- arheologija --- arheološka najdišča --- folkloristika --- kulturna pokrajina --- ljudsko izročilo --- mitologija --- slovanska mitologija --- archaeology